This issue consists of 9 articles from 35 authors affiliated with 13 institutions from 7 countries including:
Indonesia (Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Universitas Mataram, Diponegoro University)
Japan (Tokyo Institute of Technology)
South Korea (Yeungnam University)
Algeria (University of Batna)
Malaysia (Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Universiti Mataram)
Pakistan (COMSATS Institute of Information Technology)